(i) Channel size and shape.
This depositional pattern means the shapes of these sandstones are not simple layers, they have thick channel sections, and thinner overbank sections which sometimes split into two by shale layers; so, instead of calling them "beds" they are often called sand bodies. The Greenmoor "channel-sandstone" width is only a few kilometres, and east of Barnsley, the width of the whole Woolley Edge sand body is 20 km. The direction of flow of the river is found by measuring the direction of the sloping cross beds. These are the buried downstream faces of large "sand bars" in the river. The ones in Fig. 4 are in the Wharncliffe Rock and show the current was flowing left to right. This sand bar was at least 8 m high, indicating that the river was deep and powerful.
ii) Overbank: lakes and swamps.
The evidence for large sheets of shallower, often standing, water, comes from bedding planes with symmetrical ripples, created by wind over water. Often asymmetrical ripples occur between flat bedded lake deposits, indicating the pulses of water moving through them. Sometimes these beds have thicker sandstones with cross-bedding, indicating a sudden influx of water and sand. These are interpreted as "crevasse splay" deposits. Fig. 5 shows an example from the Woolley Edge Rock. Sandstone "B" tapers to nothing on the right, where the crevasse splay current ran out of energy, and another example of "crevasse splay" sandstone from Brymbo, in North Wales, where Calamites
stems have been buried by a cross-bedded sandstone, when the channel flow broke through the levee and buried the plants.
(iii) Plants growing in the catchment basins.
Calamites
(horsetails) grew around the edges of shallow lakes on the floodplain. On drier levees, and areas with sandy soil, larger Sigillaria
"trees" grew, with an under-canopy of smaller Seed Ferns and Tree Ferns. In the flooded swamp areas it was the tall Lepidodendron
species that dominated in an environment too wet for other plants. They could survive in water up to 2 m deep, and lived maybe 30 years. They grew rapidly to 30 m, sprouted branches at the top with cones containing the spores, which in some species probably became fertilised in the waters below (Lycopods need water to reproduce). As the plants grew the thick woody outer cortex split off and dropped into the stagnant water to form a large component of the peat, which later became a coal seam. Little is known about the upland parts of the catchment away from the water, because these were erosional and very few deposits have survived, but it is possible that early gymnosperms (coniferous plants) had adapted to colonise these slightly drier upland areas.